The arms of Jerusalem pop up in a number of places. The reason for this is the rather tortuous
history of the throne and title.

Godefroi de Bouillon died in 1100 and was succeeded by his brother Baudoin I (+ 1118) and a
great-nephew Baudoin II (+ 1131), who left an eldest daughter Mélissende. She passed the
throne to her husband Foulques d'Anjou (+ 1147), and to her sons Baudoin III (+ 1163) and
Amaury or Amalric (+ 1173). Amaury had a son Baudoin IV, and two daughters, Sybille and
Isabeau. Sybille was married to William of Montferrat (died 1175), by whom she had a son
Baudoin. She was then married in 1180 to Guy de Lusignan, who was also appointed regent of
the kingdom by the invalid Baudoin IV. But Baudoin IV then changed his mind, took away the
regency, and abdicated in 1182 in favor of Sybille's son Baudoin V. This child died in 1186, soon

after his uncle, and Sybille became queen of Jerusalem, and was crowned with her husband Guy
de Lusignan. However, a rival in the person of Conrad of Montferrat, brother of Sybille's first
husband, rose up. In the end an agreement was reached: Guy would retain the title for his life,
Conrad would marry Sybille's sister Isabeau and succeed as well as his posterity. By that time, the
city itself had actually been lost. Sybille had died in 1190, Conrad was murdered in 1192, leaving
only a daughter Marie, and Guy renounced his claim in 1192 and bought the island of Cyprus from
Richard Lionheart who had just conquered it.

This left only Isabeau as the heir, and she became queen in 1192. She married the same year
Henri de Champagne, who became king with her and died in 1197, leaving a daughter Alix. She
next married Amaury de Lusignan, brother of Guy and his successor as king of Cyprus, by whom
she had only a daughter Mélissande. She died in 1205 and was succeeded by her daughter Marie,
married to Jean de Brienne in 1209. Their only daughter Isabeau was married to the Emperor
Frederic II who forced his parents-in-law to turn over the throne to him in 1225. Frederic was
succeeded as Emperor and king of Jerusalem by his son Conrad, himself succeeded by his son
Conradin of Hohenstaufen.

The Hohenstaufens were ruling in absentia, and their rule was not liked. The local barons managed
to induce other claimants to the throne. In order of seniority, Alix, second daughter of queen
Isabeau, had married Hughes de Lusignan, son of Amaury and king of Cyprus. She died in 1246
and her son Henri took up the title of king of Jerusalem. Also, Mélissende, 3d daughter of
Isabeau, married Bohémond IV of Antioch, and their only daughter Marie of Antioch claimed the
throne as well, although she ceded her rights to Charles of Anjou, king of Naples and Sicily, in
1277.

When the issue of queen Isabeau's first daughter died out in the person of Conradin of
Hohenstaufen (in 1284), there were thus two claimants, the king of Cyprus and the king of
Naples.

The kings of Cyprus continued, adding in 1368 king of Armenia to their titles. In 1458 Jean II, last
male of the line, died without male heirs. His only sister Anne had married Louis de Savoie. His
only daughter Charlotte was recognized as queen of Cyprus, Armenia and Jerusalem, and married
to her first cousin Louis de Savoie, comte de Genève. But she was dethroned in 1460 by a
bastard son of her father, namely Jacques, and fled to Italy. Ultimately, in 1485, she ceded her
rights to her nephew Charles II, duke of Savoie, and his successors; at that point the dukes of
Savoie (later kings of Sardinia and kings of Italy) added the title of king of Jerusalem, Cyprus and
Armenia to their titles and the arms to their achievement. The kings of Italy used the title until
1946.

Jacques II died in 1473, leaving a widow Caterina Cornero, from the Venitian aristocracy. His
posthumous son Jacques III soon died. The city of Venice turned Cyprus into a protectorate, and,
in 1489, forced Caterina Cornero to return to Venice and cede her rights to the Republic. From
then on, the Republic of Venice also added the title and arms of Jerusalem, Cyprus and Armenia
to its own, until 1797 when the Republic was abolished and its territories handed over to Austria
by the Treaty of Campo-Formio. Venice became part of Italy in 1866.

Meanwhile, the kings of Naples also claimed the title of king of Jerusalem. The king of Naples
René was dispossessed by the king of Aragon in the late 15th c., at which point the kings of
Aragon added the claim to their own. In 1738, the pope invested Don Carlos, Infant of Spain and
son of Felipe V, with the title of king of Jerusalem at the same time as he invested him with the
kingdom of Naples-Sicily (a papal fief). He became king of Spain in 1759 and left Naples and
Sicily to his son Ferdinand. The kings of Spain continued to use the title of Jerusalem until 1931,
as did the kings of Two-Sicilies.

On the other hand, René's daughter Yolande married Ferry de Vaudémont, one of whose sons
became duke of Lorraine. The modern house of Lorraine thus also took up the claim to Jerusalem.
When François, duke of Lorraine, married the Empress Maria-Theresa, the ruling house of
Austria changed its name to Habsburg-Lorraine, and the claim to Jerusalem passed to the
Habsburgs. The arms of Jerusalem could be seen in the grand arms of State of the Austrian
Empire in the 19th century and the title was used until 1918.

Sangraal