A post submitted by CGI member ScienceTruth.
***************************
On the Subject of Birkeland Currents
In the beginning, around 1890 to 1900 AD of the CE ! , Kristian Birkeland began to wonder if there was a connection between the Sun and the Earth, in terms of ; "Did the Sun have something to do with the 'Northern Lights' and the Aurora Borealis ?" , as he lived in Norway and would see them at times, and wondered why and how they occurred.
- -
[ the extensive below is from Wikipedia, for your hopefully enjoyed 'backstory' brief-history on Kristian Birkeland ]
" Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (born 13 December 1867 – 15 June 1917) was a Norwegian space physicist, inventor, and Professor of Physics at the Royal Fredriks University in Oslo. He is best remembered for his Theories of Atmospheric Electric Currents that elucidated the nature of the Aurora Borealis. Birkeland was nominated for the Nobel Prize seven times. "
" Birkeland organized several expeditions to Norway's high-latitude regions where he established a network of observatories under the auroral regions to collect magnetic-field data. The results of his Norwegian Polar Expedition conducted from 1899 to 1900 contained the first determination of the Earth's global pattern of electric currents in the polar region from ground-level magnetic-field measurements. "
" The discovery of X-rays inspired Birkeland to develop vacuum chambers to study the influence of magnets on cathode rays. Birkeland noticed that an electron beam directed toward a terrella (a model of the Earth consisting of a spherical magnet), as the electrons were magnetically influenced and guided toward the magnetic poles they produced rings of light around the poles, and he concluded that the Earthly aurorae could be produced in a similar way ! He developed a Theory in which energetic electrons were ejected from sunspots on the Sun's solar surface, and when ejected in a direction toward the Earth, and guided by the Earth's magnetic field to the Earth's polar regions, they produced the visible aurora that we see. This is still the Theory that explains the Earth's aurora today. "
" Birkeland proposed in 1908 in his book "The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902–1903" that polar electric currents, today termed auroral electrojets, were connected to a system of currents that flowed along geomagnetic field lines, into and then away from the Earth's polar regions when the fields at the poles were over-saturated with electrons and could contain no more. Such field-aligned currents are known today as Birkeland Currents in his honor. He provided a diagram of field-aligned currents in the book, and this diagram was reproduced on the back of the Norwegian 200 Kroner 7th series banknote in the lower right corner, and his Terrella Experiment is shown on the front at the left with a portrait of Birkeland on the right. The book on the 1902–1903 Expedition contains chapters on magnetic storms on the Earth and their relationship to the Sun, the origin of the Sun itself, Halley's Comet, and the rings of Saturn. "
" Birkeland's vision of what are now known as Birkeland Currents became the source of a controversy that continued for over half a century, and did so because their existence could not be confirmed from ground-based measurements alone. His Theory was disputed and ridiculed at the time as a 'fringe theory' by Mainstream scientists, and most notoriously by the eminent British geophysicist and mathematician Sydney Chapman, who argued the Mainstream view that electric currents could not cross the vacuum of space, and therefore the currents had to be generated by the Earth itself. Birkeland's Theory of the Aurora continued to be dismissed by Mainstream Astrophysicists long after his death in 1917. It was however notably championed by the Swedish plasma scientist Hannes Alfvén, but Alfvén's work in turn was also disputed by Chapman. "
" Proof of Birkeland's Theory of the Aurora only came in 1967 after a satellite probe was sent into space. The crucial results were obtained from U.S. Navy satellite 1963-38C, launched in 1963 and carrying a magnetometer above the Earth's ionosphere. Magnetic disturbances were observed on nearly every pass over the high-latitude regions of the Earth. These were originally interpreted as hydro-magnetic waves, but on later analysis it was realized that they were due to field-aligned magnetic currents, or Birkeland Currents. "
" In 1913, Birkeland may have been the first to predict that plasma was ubiquitous in space. He wrote: "It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. We have therefore assumed that each Sun-like stellar-system in its evolutions throws off electric corpuscles into space. It does not seem unreasonable therefore to think that the greater part of the material mass in the universe is found, not in the solar systems or nebulae, but in 'empty' space itself." Because, the space between the stars and galaxies is so much more vast and greater in volume, by thousands or maybe even millions of times than the stellar solar systems, and the mass of their star and planets would be minimal as compared to what the vast interstellar volumes could contain. "
" In 1916, Birkeland was probably the first person to successfully predict that the Solar Wind behaves like all charged particles in an Electric Field: "From a physical point of view it is most probable that solar rays are neither exclusively negative rays nor exclusively positive rays, but of both kinds." In other words, the Solar Wind consists of both negative electrons and positive protons, as well as positive elemental ions, and does so at varying times and in varying locations, due to differing changes in the Sun's solar activity. "
" The first complete map of the statistical location of Birkeland Currents in the Earth's polar region was developed in 1974 by A.J. Zmuda and J.C. Armstrong, and refined in 1976 by T. Iijima and T.A. Potemra. "
" Birkeland's Theory of the Aurora was eventually confirmed, and is now accepted as correct. "
- -
Now we move to more recent times, and the development of the Electric Universe Theory by a group of investigators, who are led by David Talbot, Wallace Thornhill, and Professor of Electrical Engineering PhD Donald E. Scott.
Don Scott wrote it best in his Pdf Paper on "Magnetic Fields of Birkeland Currents" in 2013, wherein he shows how Marklund Convection is also involved, along with the electric field's arithmatic diminishment of force over distance, and the 'slow rotation' of the electrically induced magnetic field that surrounds the Birkeland Current.
For a free download of 2 of Don Scott's 'groundbreaking landmark' Papers, here are 2 links !!!
"Magnetic Fields of Birkeland Currents" !!! ( this is the groundbreaking landmark Paper !!! a must have !!! )
https://bazaarmodel.net/ftp/Project-C/Plasma-Cosmology/Scott/BirkelandFields.pdf
"Birkeland Currents: A Force-Free Field-Aligned Model"
https://www.ptep-online.com/files/2015/pp-41-13.pdf
Donald E. Scott's book, "The Electric Sky" (2006), broke new ground for Electric Universe theory, explaining the flow of plasmas in the solar system without resorting to the erroneous idea of "magnetic reconnection" as found in the Mainstream conventional physics literature. More recently, he proposed that the stability of the Sun, or any star, arises from a controlled feedback in the corona, similar to the operation of an electronic transistor. His ideas decidedly merit attention, because they are quantifiable, testable, consistent with known data, and have the power to explain many more features of our Sun and our solar system, than conventional Mainstream nuclear-furnace stellar-core theories. Scott earned his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Electrical Engineering at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, CT. Following graduation he worked for General Electric in Schenectady, NY, and Pittsfield, MA. He earned a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, and was a member of the faculty of the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst from 1959 until his retirement in 1998. During that time he was the recipient of several good-teaching awards. He was, at various times, Assistant Department Head, Director of the undergraduate program, Graduate admissions coordinator, and Director of the College of Engineering's Video Instructional Program.
In 1987, the McGraw-Hill Book Company published his 730-page textbook, "An Introduction To Circuit Analysis : A Systems Approach". He has authored numerous scientific papers and chapters including "Real Properties of Electromagnetic Fields and Plasmas in the Cosmos", published in the Special Issue of the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science #8 in 2007.
Don's book "The Electric Sky" is available for purchase !! and is an excellent 'start' if you are not familiar with this 'perspective' on our Sun, our Solar System, and the Universe ! "The Electric Sky" is an excellent way to start your foray into The Electric Universe Theory of Real Physics Truth !!! This is because the Mainstream perspective on Space Physics is flawed, with more than numerous; errors, crackpot theories, and erroneous assumptions.
amzn has 1 available for $54 of "The Electric Sky"
Whereas 'Stickman on Stone' sells it for $25 !! and is a much better place to buy ALL your Electric Universe 'items'.
https://www.stickmanonstone.com/shop
for better availability, prices, and breadth of publication titles on the Electric Universe Theory perspective.
- -
From Scott's Paper : "Magnetic Fields of Birkeland Currents", the unexpected but very important discovery !!!
" Consequences of the oscillatory nature of the solutions
" Both these solutions (the Euler-RK approximation of figure 2 and the closed form Bessel functions in figure 3) are in one-to-one correspondence. They clearly show repeated reversals in the directions of both the axially directed and the azimuthal magnetic field components with increasing radial distance. This implies the existence of a continuum of concentric cylindrical surfaces wherein both the axially directed magnetic component, Bz, and the azimuthal component, Bθ, periodically change direction and decrease in strength with increasing radial distance out from the central z-axis. Where the magnitude of the axial field, Bz, is strongest, the azimuthal (encircling) field component, Bθ, goes through a zero-value as it reverses its direction of encirclement of the central current density vector, j. The axial and azimuthal field strengths are seen to be in quadrature relation with one another (it must be remembered that this is a variation with changing outward distance, r – and not that of time). For example in figure 2, in a region such as between radial distances 74 and 115, the axial field, Bz, is unidirectional (in the positive z-direction, with maximum strength at ~ r = 94). The azimuthal field reverses direction at r = 94, changing from the negative theta direction to positive. This results in a total magnetic field vector that rotates (with increasing r) in a clockwise direction as we view it when looking down a radius toward the axis of the current. The alternating direction of the azimuthal magnetic field component, by itself, may aid the layering effect noted in the Marklund convection process in Birkeland currents in space. Marklund states, “The filamentary structures are analyzed as helical twisted magnetic flux tubes where the magnetic field is approximately force free. Under the influence of electric and magnetic fields the ionized component of the plasma will drift inward,…” "
-
So here is their great discovery without the math and more succinctly !! As distance is gained from the 'center line' between the 2 slowly rotating Birkeland Currents, as they like to travel over great distance as a pair of currents and slowly 'twist' around a 'center line' as they travel, they will maintain their 'distance apart' by the 'short range' repulsive force being stronger than the 'long range' attractive force, causing the pair of currents to initially attract together and then maintain a stable separation !! Using the 'center line' between the currents as a 'reference', and using the distance from the 'center line' to either current as the 'radius' of their distance apart, when you go outward 51 radii and 137 radii, this is where the 'rotation of the magnetic field' has 'swept clean' all of the ionized materials !! (which tend to 'drag along with them' any other non-ionic material as well !) and you here have a 'pipe-like' 'tube-wall' of some large 'thickness' that has been 'cleaned' of all debris !!! And this will be your best and safest place to fly your spacecraft at 'tremendous speed' !!! as you will have an absolute minimum of danger of 'running into anything' !!! See: Figure 6 on page 8 of this Paper !! [ Now, how do we make use of the Birkeland Current's 'energy' !! ]
Figure 8 on page 9 shows Minkowski 2-9, also known as M2-9 or the "Wings of a Butterfly Nebula", which personifies the Z-Pinch form of an electric current in space as it forms a magnetic pinch with a symmetric nebula on either side of the pinch.
For a spectacular view of M2-9 here's a link to the APOD site and their photo of M2-9.
( the Astronomy Picture Of the Day, a NASA produced and sponsored website, with an 'archive' of photos !!! just enter the 'identifier' of your choice in the 'search' mode ! Thousands of the best photos available of deep space objects !!! )
https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap230416.html
-
Many scientists worked to contribute to our present understanding of these Electric Currents in Space ! as well as how a magnetic Z-Pinch will form !, and what Marklund Convection can accomplish ! With Kristian Birkeland and Don Scott being two of the more important of them !!
[ The next posting will be ; " What are Mainstream's so-called 'Planetary Nebulae' really ??
They are actually a Stellar Glow-Mode Z-Pinch in a Birkeland Current !!! " ]
Information provided herein by the Winnemucca Institute for Advanced Studies is for educational purposes. Our ‘Man on the Street Series’ of informative Science Papers is designed to provide a semi-technical answer to everyday experiences, although next Saturday we're going to get a whole lot more 'technical' !!!
