DNA evidence traces Europeans to common ancestor 

                          

By PAUL RECER, Associated Press 

WASHINGTON (November 9, 2000 8:45 p.m. EST http://www.nandotimes.com) - About 80 percent of Europeans arose from
primitive hunters who arrived about 40,000 years ago, endured the long ice age and then expanded rapidly to dominate
the continent, a new study shows. 

Researchers analyzing the Y chromosome taken from 1,007 men from 25 different locations in Europe found a pattern
that suggests four out of five of the men shared a common male ancestor about 40,000 years ago. 

Peter A. Underhill, a senior researcher at the Stanford Genome Technology Center in Palo Alto, Calif., and co-author of
the study, said the research supports conclusions from archaeological, linguistic and other DNA evidence about the

settlement of Europe by ancient peoples. 

"When we can get different lines of evidence that tell the same story, then we feel we are telling the true history of the
species," said Underhill. 

The study, which involved more than a dozen researchers from Stanford and Europe, appears Friday in the journal
Science. 

Underhill said the researchers used the Y chromosome in the study because its rare changes establish a pattern that
can be traced back hundreds of generations, thus helping to plot the movement of ancient humans. 

The Y chromosome is inherited only by sons from their fathers. When sperm carrying the Y chromosome fertilizes an
egg it directs the resulting baby to be a male. An X chromosome from the father allows a fertilized egg to be female. 

The Y chromosome has about 60 million DNA base pairs. Changes in those base pairs happen infrequently, said
Underhill, but they occur often enough to establish patterns that can be used to trace the ancestry of people. 

He said researchers looking at the 1,007 chromosome samples from Europe identified 22 specific markers that formed
a specific pattern of change. Underhill said the researchers found that about 80 percent of all European males shared a
single pattern, suggesting they had a common ancestor thousands of generations ago. 

The basic pattern had some changes that apparently developed among people who once shared a common ancestor
and then were isolated for many generations, Underhill said. 

This scenario, he said, supports other studies about the Paleolithic European groups. Those studies suggest that a
primitive, stone-age human came to Europe, probably from Central Asia and the Middle East, in two waves of migration
beginning about 40,000 years ago. Their numbers were small and they lived by hunting animals and gathering plant
food. They used crudely sharpened stones and fire. 

About 24,000 years ago, the last ice age began, with mountain-sized glaciers moving across most of Europe. Underhill
said the Paleolithic Europeans retreated before the ice, finding refuge for hundreds of generations in three areas: what is
now Spain, the Balkans and the Ukraine. 

When the glaciers melted, about 16,000 years ago, the Paleolithic tribes resettled the rest of Europe. Y chromosome
mutations occurred among people in each of the ice age refuges, said Underhill. He said the research shows a pattern
that developed in Spain is now most common in northwest Europe, while the Ukraine pattern is mostly in Eastern
Europe and the Balkan pattern is most common in Central Europe. 

About 8,000 years ago, said Underhill, a more advanced people, the Neolithic, migrated to Europe from the Middle
East, bringing with them a new Y chromosome pattern and a new way of life: agriculture. About 20 percent of
Europeans now have the Y chromosome pattern from this migration, he said. 

Archaeological digs in European caves clearly show that before 8,000 years ago, most humans lived by gathering and
hunting, he noted. After that, there are traces of grains and other agricultural products. 

Earlier studies had traced European migration patterns using the DNA contained in the mitochondria, a key part of each
cell. This type is DNA is passed down from mother to daughter. 

Antonio Torroni, a researcher at the University of Urbino, Italy, who first proposed that early humans retreated to Spain
during the ice age, said in a separate Science report that the Y chromosome study "fits completely" with the
mitochondria studies. 

Underhill said the Y chromosome studies are also consistent with genetic studies showing a broader picture of human
migration. 

In general, studies show that modern humans first arose in Africa about 100,000 years ago and thousands of years later
began a long series of migrations, he said. Some groups migrated eastward and humans are known to have existed in
Australia about 60,000 years ago. Other groups crossed the land bridge into the Middle East. Humans appeared in
Central Asia about 50,000 years ago. 

From there, the theory goes, some migrated west, arriving in Europe about 40,000 years ago. Later, some migrated
east, across the Bering Straits, to the Americas.
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Edited By Robinhood: There are times when I can just envision the smile forming on the face of readers when someone mentions planet X or the Annunaki or Nefilim. Nevertheless, man began to mysteriously leap from the cave man to knowledge and science almost overnight. This leap corresponds to literature found in the Surmerian Epic of creation or Enuma Elish. It states rather convincingly,(at least to me), the original twelve tribes were created using genetic technology we possess now to fertilize the womb of primitive creatures and advance them genetically.
Their writings left behind indicate the nazca airfields in Peru and even the temple of Jupiter in Lebanon were landing fields for advanced aircraft. Ancient carvings on rock in these areas show men in spaceships. This holds true for the mayan pyramids.
Who had the technology to build these monuments?
It also explains why we see stories of giants in the bible.
It also explains why the bible refers to people living thousands of years.
This is explained in the Sumerian Epic. Having come from a planet with a large eliptical orbit, they did not age as fast as life forms on the earth.
To me this explains why in Genesis, we are told the sons of God found the daughters of the earth fair and begin to marry them.
Eventually these bloodlines disappeared among the peoples of the earth over time.
Christianity tells us that we were formed of clay. The American Indians tell us they are the descendants of super natural beings who came from the stars. Their primordial chant is something like lulululu. Interestingly, the genetic scientists who traced the DNA back to a single woman, refer to her as lulu.
You tell me who is operating under the correct hypothesis!
Incidentally the symbol of the Cheyenne Indian is a circle containing a balanced cross. The cross denotes, planet of the crossing or Nibiru, Marduk, planet X, as it is referred to today.
Many of the paintings of the great masters also show spaceships in the background. Why is this?
One of the Michelangelo paintings, I forget the name was spirited away in the Vatican vaults as it showed the Madonna holding twin children and a spaceship in the background. Now granted the Pope considered Michelangelo to be somewhat crazy, as he insisted that Jesus had a twin. Could the virginity of the Virgin have resulted from artificial insemination from the Nefilim? You tell me.