---> First, a link to a PHOTO of an ANTHRAX ULCER for persons unfamiliar with identifying a topical infestation. Click on image to enlarge:

Dr. Krejci-Papa, Dermatologische Universitätsklinik Erlangen:

http://www.dermis.net/bilddb/diagnose/englisch/i022000.htm

---> DISINFORMATION: "Anthrax is not passed from person to person, so there is no risk of an epidemic outside the heroin-injecting community even if it turns out to be the cause. "

---> TRANSLATION: We are told: No animal-to-animal transfer (FALSE), and we are told subliminally to EXPECT an epidemic of anthrax IN the heroin-injecting community (the phrase "no risk of an epidemic outside" implies a risk of an epidemic INSIDE the heroin-injecting community.)

HOW does the author KNOW this strain will NOT infect intranasal users? ...perhaps by developing a strain tailored to have that effect? ...perhaps by distributing the anthrax not IN the heroin, but in dirty needles? We can suspect who supplies Scotland's heroin...but who supplies their needles?

Until the source of the contaminant is eradicated, any person touching an exposed item belonging to the victims may be in danger even years after the victim's death. Consider contraction through a paper-cut when stroking the victim's hair during an open casket funeral service. The possibilities for contamination are infinite:

http://my.webmd.com/content/asset/adam_disease_wool_sorters_disease

"Because anthrax spores remain infectious for many years, the disease can be picked up from old animal products such as sheep skins, wool blankets, and so on. Because the spores are long lasting and the incubation is short and disability is severe, experimentation with anthrax as a biological weapon has been common."

http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section13/chapter157/157c.htm

"ANTHRAX: A highly infectious disease of animals, especially ruminants, transmitted to humans by contact with the animals or their products."

---> FOOD FOR THOUGHT: Any other data junkies needing a fix? Chew on this...How are animal products (a natural source of anthrax contamination) involved in the manufacturing of heroin? Who funded these 104 research and case studies published June 1998 to December 1999 (104 in ONLY 19 months!)...Why were these topics funded, as opposed to others?...What trends in research exposed here suggest topics withheld from publication due to say National Security?

104 items found (25 returned) for Query: (anthrax)

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100% Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. (Shafazand S; Chest, 1999 Nov)

100% Experiences with vaccination and epidemiological investigations on an anthrax outbreak in Australia in 1997. (Turner AJ; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

"Investigations into the epidemiology of the outbreak were unable to establish a single major association for the spread of the disease by flies, biting insects, carrion scavengers, wind, manufactured feed, milk factory tanker routes, veterinary visits, animal treatments, movements of personnel between farms or burning of carcases. "

100% Anthrax explodes in an Australian summer. (Turner AJ; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

100% A national register of historic and contemporary anthrax foci. (Cherkasskiy BL; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

100% The pathology of experimental anthrax in rabbits exposed by inhalation and subcutaneous inoculation. (Zaucha GM; Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1998 Nov)

99% A review of anthrax in Canada and implications for research on the disease in northern bison. (Dragon DC; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

99% Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (-DA-; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999 Feb 5)

98% Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. (Inglesby TV; JAMA, 1999 May 12)

98% Surgical management of cutaneous anthrax. (Aslan G; Ann Plast Surg, 1998 Nov)

97% Ulnar nerve lesion due to cutaneous anthrax. (Terzio¨glu A; Ann Plast Surg, 1999 Dec)

97% Anthrax lethal factor causes proteolytic inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. (Duesbery NS; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

97% Anthrax toxins. (Duesbery NS; Cell Mol Life Sci, 1999 Sep)

97% Protection against anthrax toxin by vaccination with a DNA plasmid encoding anthrax protective antigen. (Gu ML; Vaccine, 1999 Jan 28)

96% The threat of bioterrorism: a reason to learn more about anthrax and smallpox. (Gordon SM; Cleve Clin J Med, 1999 Nov-Dec)

96% [Anthrax: an unusual escharotic lesion] (Boudgh`ene-Stambouli O; Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1999 Oct)

96% Lethal toxin actions and their consequences. (Hanna P; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

96% Meso-scale ecology of anthrax in southern Africa: a pilot study of diversity and clustering. (Smith KL; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

96% Anthrax. (Dixon TC; N Engl J Med, 1999 Sep 9)

96% Disruption of anthrax toxin binding with the use of human antibodies and competitive inhibitors. (Cirino NM; Infect Immun, 1999 Jun)

96% Activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C is required for expression of anthrax lethal toxin cytotoxicity in J774A.1 cells. (Bhatnagar R; Cell Signal, 1999 Feb)

96% [Pulmonary anthrax] (Debord T; Rev Pneumol Clin, 1998 Dec)

96% [Pathogenicity and diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis] (Matras J; Przegl Epidemiol, 1998)

96% Molecular characterization of Bacillus strains involved in outbreaks of anthrax in France in 1997. (Patra G; J Clin Microbiol, 1998 Nov)

95% Anthrax vaccine: evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. (Friedlander AM; JAMA, 1999 Dec 8)

95% World Health Organization activities on anthrax surveillance and control. (Turnbull PC; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

95% Expression of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis by Lactobacillus casei: towards the development of an oral vaccine against anthrax. (Zegers ND; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

95% Human immune responses to the UK human anthrax vaccine. (Baillie LW; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

95% Antigen delivery by attenuated Bacillus anthracis: new prospects in veterinary vaccines. (Brossier F; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

95% Applying lessons learned from anthrax case history to other scenarios. (Bartlett JG; Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Jul-Aug)

95% Anthrax: A possible case history. (Inglesby TV; Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Jul-Aug)

95% Clinical and epidemiologic principles of anthrax. (Cieslak TJ; Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Jul-Aug)

95% Anthrax protective antigen: prepore-to-pore conversion. (Miller CJ; Biochemistry, 1999 Aug 10)

95% In vitro selection of DNA aptamers to anthrax spores with electrochemiluminescence detection. (Bruno JG; Biosens Bioelectron, 1999 May 31)

95% Anthrax toxin entry into polarized epithelial cells. (Beauregard KE; Infect Immun, 1999 Jun)

95% Vaccination against anthrax with attenuated recombinant strains of Bacillus anthracis that produce protective antigen. (Barnard JP; Infect Immun, 1999 Feb)

95% Characterization of membrane translocation by anthrax protective antigen. (Wesche J; Biochemistry, 1998 Nov 10)

93% Monitoring temperature-sensitive vaccines and immunologic drugs, including anthrax vaccine. (Frank KJ; Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1999 Oct 15)

93% Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes fused to anthrax toxin induce protective antiviral immunity. (Doling AM; Infect Immun, 1999 Jul)

93% [Anthrax] (Watanabe K; Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu, 1999)

93% [Inhalation anthrax] (Watanabe K; Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu, 1999)

93% Involvement of phospholipase A2 activation in anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. (Shin S; Cell Biol Toxicol, 1999 Feb)

93% Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. (Price LB; J Bacteriol, 1999 Apr)

93% Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin. (Varughese M; Infect Immun, 1999 Apr)

93% Oligomerization of anthrax toxin protective antigen and binding of lethal factor during endocytic uptake into mammalian cells. (Singh Y; Infect Immun, 1999 Apr)

93% From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (-DA-; JAMA, 1999 Mar 3)

92% Recognition and treatment of anthrax [letter] (Nalin DR; JAMA, 1999 Nov 3)

92% 1996-97 Global Anthrax Report. (Hugh-Jones M; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

92% Bacillus anthracis: medical issues of biologic warfare. (Ibrahim KH; Pharmacotherapy, 1999 Jun)

92% A case of anthrax sepsis: non-fatal course [letter] (Felek S; J Infect, 1999 May)

92% Anthrax vaccine. Model of a response to the biologic warfare threat. (Nass M; Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1999 Mar)

92% Proteasome activity is required for anthrax lethal toxin to kill macrophages. (Tang G; Infect Immun, 1999 Jun)

92% The looming threat of bioterrorism. (Henderson DA; Science, 1999 Feb 26)

92% Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines. (Tizard I; Adv Vet Med, 1999)

90% Risks of publicity about bioterrorism: anthrax hoaxes and hype [see comments] (Cole LA; Am J Infect Control, 1999 Dec)

90% Comparison of noninvasive sampling sites for early detection of Bacillus anthracis spores from rhesus monkeys after aerosol exposure. (Hail AS; Mil Med, 1999 Dec)

90% Anthrax lethal factor cleaves MKK3 in macrophages and inhibits the LPS/IFNgamma-induced release of NO and TNFalpha. (Pellizzari R; FEBS Lett, 1999 Nov 26)

90% The controversial anthrax vaccine. (Goldstein R; Nurs Spectr (Wash D C), 1999 Jun 1)

90% Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes. (Okinaka RT; J Bacteriol, 1999 Oct)

90% Presentation of protective antigen to the mouse immune system: immune sequelae. (Williamson ED; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

90% The Ba813 chromosomal DNA sequence effectively traces the whole Bacillus anthracis community. (Ramisse V; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

90% Expression and purification of the recombinant protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. (Gupta P; Protein Expr Purif, 1999 Aug)

90% Update on emerging infections from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (Moran GJ; Ann Emerg Med, 1999 Aug)

90% US military face punishment for refusing anthrax vaccine [news] (Morris K; Lancet, 1999 Jan 9)

87% Anthrax [letter] (Furmanski M; N Engl J Med, 2000 Jan 6)

87% Control of virulence gene expression in Bacillus anthracis. (Hoffmaster AR; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

87% Molecular recognition specificity of Bacillus anthracis spore antibodies. (Longchamp P; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

87% Definitive identification of Bacillus anthracis--a review. (Turnbull PC; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

87% Identification of Bacillus anthracis strains in China. (Liang X; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

87% Biological warfare: would you recognize an attack? (Sabatini M; Nurs Spectr (Wash D C), 1998 Jun 29)

87% [Aerosol vaccination against dangerous infectious diseases] (Stepanov AV; Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk, 1999)

87% Images in clinical medicine. Bacillus anthracis meningitis. (Garcia AG; N Engl J Med, 1999 Sep 9)

87% Polymorphism analysis and gene detection by minisequencing on an array of gel-immobilized primers. (Dubiley S; Nucleic Acids Res, 1999 Sep 15)

87% A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. (Daffonchio D; Appl Environ Microbiol, 1999 Mar)

87% Endoprotease PACE4 is Ca2+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and can partly rescue the phenotype of a furin-deficient cell strain. (Sucic JF; Biochem J, 1999 May 1)

87% Understanding Bacillus anthracis pathogenesis. (Hanna PC; Trends Microbiol, 1999 May)

87% Cutaneous manifestations of biological warfare and related threat agents. (McGovern TW; Arch Dermatol, 1999 Mar)

87% Bioterror defense initiative injects shot of cash [news] (Marshall E; Science, 1999 Feb 26)

87% Functional analysis of the carboxy-terminal domain of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. (Brossier F; Infect Immun, 1999 Feb)

83% A minisonicator to rapidly disrupt bacterial spores for DNA analysis. (Belgrader P; Anal Chem, 1999 Oct 1)

83% Antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. (Osmon DR; Mayo Clin Proc, 2000 Jan)

83% Toxins that are activated by HIV type-1 protease through removal of a signal for degradation by the N-end-rule pathway. (Falnes PO; Biochem J, 1999 Oct 1)

83% The threat of biological warfare [letter] (Duschet P; Arch Dermatol, 1999 Nov)

83% The native virulence plasmid combination affects the segregational stability of a theta-replicating shuttle vector in Bacillus anthracis var. New Hampshire. (Bowen JE; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

83% Polymerase chain reaction-ELISA to detect Bacillus anthracis from soil samples-limitations of present published primers. (Beyer W; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

83% Fluorescent detection techniques for real-time multiplex strand specific detection of Bacillus anthracis using rapid PCR. (Lee MA; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

83% Molecular diversity in Bacillus anthracis. (Keim P; J Appl Microbiol, 1999 Aug)

83% Vaccines, pharmaceutical products, and bioterrorism: challenges for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (Zoon KC; Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Jul-Aug)

83% Vaccines in civilian defense against bioterrorism. (Russell PK; Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Jul-Aug)

83% Cell surface-exposed tetanus toxin fragment C produced by recombinant Bacillus anthracis protects against tetanus toxin. (Mesnage S; Infect Immun, 1999 Sep)

83% Simulants, stimulants and diseases: the evolution of the United States biological warfare programme, 1945-60. (Hay A; Med Confl Surviv, 1999 Jul-Sep)

83% Identification and characterization of a germination operon on the virulence plasmid pXO1 of Bacillus anthracis. (Guidi-Rontani C; Mol Microbiol, 1999 Jul)

83% Principles for emergency response to bioterrorism. (Keim M; Ann Emerg Med, 1999 Aug)

83% Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus anthracis pag operon. (Hoffmaster AR; J Bacteriol, 1999 Aug)

83% Adjusting FDA policies to address bioterrorist threat [news] (Fox JL; Nat Biotechnol, 1999 Apr)

83% King Tut's curse, take 2 [letter] (McSherry J; CMAJ, 1999 May 4)

83% [Contribution of determinants, located in Bacillus anthracis chromosomes, in realizing the pathogenic properties of the pathogen] (Stepanov AS; Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol, 1999)

83% BCTP sounds its battle cry [news] (-DA-; Environ Health Perspect, 1999 Feb)

83% Production and cell surface anchoring of functional fusions between the SLH motifs of the Bacillus anthracis S-layer proteins and the Bacillus subtilis levansucrase. (Mesnage S; Mol Microbiol, 1999 Feb)

83% Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores within alveolar macrophages. (Guidi-Rontani C; Mol Microbiol, 1999 Jan)

83% Antivaccine advocates line up to support airman. (Cairney R; CMAJ, 1999 Mar 23)

83% The efforts of WHO and Pugwash to eliminate chemical and biological weapons--a memoir. (Kaplan MM; Bull World Health Organ, 1999)

83% Biological warfare: what happens if we are attacked? [editorial] (Ball K; Todays Surg Nurse, 1998 Nov-Dec)

83% The medical threat of biological weapons. (Atlas RM; Crit Rev Microbiol, 1998)

83% Comparative studies of magnetic particle-based solid phase fluorogenic and electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. (Yu H; J Immunol Methods, 1998 Sep 1)

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