DOES ANYONE TRULY BELIEVE THAT WE ARRIVED AT 2001 AND SUDDENLY RAN OUT OF ELECTRICITY ALL OVER THE WORLD?

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/06/world/06BRAZ.html

June 6, 2001
Dependence on Hydropower Means Dim Lights in Brazil
By LARRY ROHTER
IO DE JANEIRO, June 5 — At night, the lights on streets and beaches
and in parks and tunnels are dimmed. Air-conditioners in the
president's office have been turned off; nighttime sports events and
concerts have been canceled. Government employees may soon be forced
to shift to a six-hour work day, and private companies are talking of

moving production abroad for the duration of the emergency.

In response to what increasingly resembles a California-style energy
crisis writ large, on Friday Brazil began at least six months of
obligatory electricity rationing.

Three-quarters of the 170 million Brazilians have been told that they
must immediately cut consumption by 20 percent or face rolling
blackouts and unscheduled power interruptions, which would surely
cripple the economy here, in Latin America's most populous nation.

The government says the measures are needed because the country is in
the throes of its worst drought in decades. With one of the most
extensive river networks in the world, Brazil, which is larger than
the continental United States, obtains more than 90 percent of its
electricity from dams and has not invested extensively in
alternatives.

Few ordinary Brazilians had any inkling of the seriousness of the
crisis until the government announced the conservation measures in
mid- May, sparing only the Amazon districts and the far south. But as
the harsh reality of the situation sinks in, the initial shock and
anger are giving way to a grim realization that nearly every aspect
of life will be curtailed.

"We have been raised to think that ours is a land of abundance and
riches, where nothing is ever lacking," said Lucina Trilho, a store
clerk. "So yes, that may have led us to be wasteful. And yes, we may
need to be re-educated. But it is going to be difficult, even
frightening, to have to make all these adjustments."

Under the government plan, households that fail to meet conservation
targets are to have their power supply cut for up to six days. Small
consumers who manage to save more than 20 percent, on the other hand,
will receive cash bonuses, while companies that cut consumption by
more than that amount will be allowed to sell their extra savings to
others.

Although Brazilians are used to government pronouncements that are
quickly reversed or undermined, this time they are clearly taking the
threats seriously: consumption fell by 10 percent even before the
measures went into effect.

"I've even disconnected the lights illuminating the little statue of
the Virgin Mary in my living room," said Aurora Nascimento Fonseca, a
jittery 81-year-old who lives on a small pension.

All across the country, in fact, the rationing plan and the penalties
that go with it have set off a mad scramble to find ways to save
electricity and money. Just try, for example, to buy a fluorescent
bulb, flashlight, generator, gas-powered lantern, batteries or even
candles.

"The demand for fluorescent lighting has shot up 1,000 percent in the
last couple of weeks," said Eulalia Cardoso, a weary saleswoman at a
hardware store where customers were lined up at the door. "We can't
keep up with the requests, and neither can our suppliers. As soon as
a new stock comes in, it immediately sells out."

Sales of electrical appliances, in contrast, have plummeted. As
Míriam Leitão, a columnist for the daily O Globo, noted,
items "formerly seen as symbols of status and comfort in residences
are now being regarded with alarm and disconnected from their
sockets."

In at least one sense, the timing of the government measures is
propitious: with the Southern Hemisphere winter approaching, use of
air-conditioners and fans is minimal.

But most Brazilian households with power use electricity, not gas, to
heat shower and bath water, which means millions must gird themselves
for months of cold washes.

"At home, we're doing that and everything else we can to cut back on
our electricity consumption," said Alfredo Rebello, a salesman whose
monthly bill averages about $40. "We're watching television without
lights on, doubling up the loads of laundry and disconnecting the
coffee maker and microwave oven except when we have to use them."

Things are not much different at the office and residence of
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso in Brasília.

"We're in the dark at the palace," the president said in a newspaper
interview late last month. "We've turned off the outside
illumination, and I've ordered all the interior lighting turned down,
the refrigerators disconnected and the heat to the swimming pool
turned off."

Here in Rio, a city of leisure-loving night owls, the municipal
government has said the spotlights trained on Rio's most famous
landmark, the statue of Christ atop Corcovado Mountain, will continue
to shine.

But outdoor street lighting has been cut by one-third, and nearly
every nighttime activity in major cities is likely to be affected.

Gasoline stations across the country, for example, plan to shut from
10 p.m. to 6 a.m., which probably means fewer taxis and the loss of
jobs for night-shift station attendants. Professional soccer games,
concerts and other entertainments have been banned, but the level of
protest has been less than expected because many people say they are
afraid to go out into the darkened streets.

"The level of crime is already terrifying, so imagine how it is going
to be with the streets darkened," said María Aparecida Guimarães
Gusmão, a 35-year-old homemaker. "I'm sure that the criminals are
going to take advantage of these measures and that the ordinary
citizen is going to remain at home, sitting in the dark."

The police plan more nighttime patrols, but the situation of other
essential public services is less clear: barely half of Brazil's
hospitals have generators, for instance, and private schools say they
will have to struggle to cut consumption.

The rationing plan was first announced May 18. But the government's
Energy Crisis Coordinating Committee continues to tinker with the
measures, giving the impression that it is not in control of events
and adding to the sense of confusion, frustration and uncertainty.

No sooner had the rationing been announced than lawyers said they
planned to challenge it as unconstitutional. After a top energy
official criticized judges "who must live on Mars," the government
first issued a decree saying rationing takes precedence over the
consumer protection code, which was to be the basis of the court
case, but then backed down when a judge ruled otherwise.

Facing a long and costly legal battle, President Cardoso announced
Monday that he was modifying a system of surcharges that had been a
crucial part of the rationing effort. Even so, the public is irate.

"None of this would even be happening if the people in Brasília had
been doing their jobs properly all along," said Armando Tavares
Araújo, an engineer. "I'm absolutely disgusted, indignant at the fact
that we, the Brazilian people, are going to be made to suffer because
for nearly 20 years the government hasn't planned ahead and kept up
with demand."

Initially, the government had also said that if Brazilians met the
conservation targets, that would be sufficient to avoid rolling
blackouts. Now, though, officials are warning that it may become
necessary to order the nation to adopt a four-day work week, giving
employees Mondays off until the end of the year.

"All that is lacking is an official declaration that the country is
in a state of emergency," Alcides Tápias, the minister of
development, industry and commerce, said late last month in São
Paulo, the business capital. "But in fact, that is the situation."

Brazil's economy, the eighth largest, grew a robust 4.4 percent last
year, and initial forecasts were for a similar performance this year.
But now, to the alarm of workers worried about their paychecks, those
predictions are being scaled back by as much as half, raising fears
of recession, inflation and the loss of foreign investment.

"Look, we're Brazilians, so we have already shown that can put up
with just about anything," said Abrahão Miguel dos Reis Motta, a 29-
year-old electrician. "But my big fear is that a lot of people are
going to lose their jobs as companies cut back production, that this
is not a temporary situation but the start of something that will
only get worse and last for a long, long time."