Date: Mon, 31 Jan 2000 12:17:19 -0800 To: From: Phillip Henika Subject: "Nanobombs" as Deterents Against Biological Weapons Cc: Bcc: X-Attachments:

Raye -

Last Friday, I reported to my boses: "The antibacterial activity [versus E coli plated on suitable growth media] of eugenol [a component of clove oil] is effected by the presence of Triton X-100 (See references 2 and 3) --- a 45X increase in antibacterial activity --- and Triton X-100 + Tri-Butyl Phosphate (See references 2 and 3) --- but, only a 3.4X increase. Tributylphosphate alone does not appear to inhibit the antibacterial activity of eugenol when compared to the range of values found in previous studies but its presence with Triton X-100 is inhibitory vs. Triton X-100 + eugenol." This work is very preliminary but agrees with the potential effectiveness of these emulsions as disinfectants and possible deterents against biological weapons: "And the US military intends to try to detoxify contaminted equipment by hosing it down with the emulsions, a procedure that could save expensive equipment from becoming expensive scrap - or paperweights." (3).

Philip

***From: RUSSBACHER@aol.com Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2000 04:14:12 EST Subject: Fwd: Chemtrails Flu / NSA / DARPA/ Unconventional Pathogen

Countermeasure To: prh@pw.usda.gov MIME-Version: 1.0 Status:

Excerpt from Email to Me from Raye re: Chemtrails Flu / NSA / DARPA/ Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasure

(1) "National Security Agency (NSA)...

Warfare Chemicals being Tested: The strange-looking streaks in the sky aren't your imagination. They are anti-bacteriological warfare chemicals being tested by the federal government. And the public has been kept in the dark.

The chemical spraying to the "unconventional pathogen countermeasures program" of the top secret Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

NOTES : (a) Novavax is a bio pharmaceuticals company.

(b) BCTP is made of water, soybean oil, Triton X 100 detergent and the solvent tri-n-butyl phosphate. BCTP envelops VIRUSES and SPORES, causing them to explode and thus destroying them upon contact.

(c) BCTP's research studies were funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). BCTP appears to inactivate the virus on contact." The research is funded by DARPA's "Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasures Program" [GO TO : http://www.darpa.mil/DSO/rd/UPC/index.html ]. The U-M and Novavax have filed a patent application covering BCTP's use as a decontamination agent forvarious anti-microbial applications.

Advanced Biological and Medical Technologies: Biological Warfare Defense Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasures

The goal of the Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasures program is to develop and demonstrate defensive technologies that afford the greatest protection to uniformed warfighters, and the defense personnel who support them, during U.S. military operations.

While no defense may stop a determined adversary from unleashing biological weapon, a sufficiently robust array of pathogen defenses andcountermeasures deterrents in their own right will reduce the probable damage that would result from biological weapons used in a particular operation.

The most sinister offensive biological warfare scenario employs surprise, immediate proximity, and rapidly lethal, persistent agents in overwhelming quantities. Under these circumstances, real-time sensing, donning of physical protection, and conventional nonmedical countermeasures are only marginally effective. An effective operational defense ideally requires instantly available or emplaced countermeasures that can defeat biological threats as they enter the body and before they reach and attack target cells and tissues.

The focus of the Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasures program is the development of revolutionary, broad-spectrum, medical countermeasures against significantly pathogenic microorganisms and/or their pathogenic products. These countermeasures will be versatile enough to eliminate biological threats, whether from natural sources or modified through bioengineering or other manipulation. They will also have the potential to provide protection both within the body and at the most common portals of entry (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, transcutaneous). Strategies include but are not limited to:

(a) Defeat of a pathogen's ability to enter the body, traverse the bloodstream or lymphatics, and enter target tissues.

(b) Identification of novel pathogen vulnerabilities based onfundamental, critical molecular mechanisms or survival or pathogenesis (e.g., Type III secretion, cellular energetics, virulence modulation).

(c) Construction of unique, robust vehicles for the delivery of countermeasures into or within the body.

(d) Modulation of the advantageous and/or deleterious aspects of the immune response to significantly pathogenic microorganisms and/or their pathogenic products in the body."

(2) ***Darpa Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasure [Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency] program:

The University of Michigan News and Information Services News Release 412 Maynard Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1399

September 23, 1998 (25) New agent kills influenza virus, prevents infection in mice

FOR RELEASE AT 11:30 a.m., PDT, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1998.

EDITORS: An announcement describing BCTP and the material's anti-microbial properties is being released simultaneously by Novavax, Inc.

http://www.novavax.com/

SAN DIEGO---University of Michigan scientists have tested a new anti-microbial agent and found it to be a quick and efficient killer of influenza A virus in cell cultures and in the nasal passages of laboratory mice.

"These are preliminary, small-scale studies, but the results indicate this material called BCTP shows promise as a new weapon against the influenza A virus," says James R. Baker Jr., M.D., professor of internal medicine and director

http://www.med.umich.edu/intmed/allergy/biobaker.htm Center for Biologic Nanotechnology

http://www.med.umich.edu/intmed/allergy/nano.htm

in the U-M Medical School. "Its main advantages are its rapid killing action, lack of specificity and the fact that it is non-toxic to skin and mucous membranes."

A milky-white emulsion of tiny lipid droplets suspended in solvent, BCTP was developed by D. Craig Wright, M.D., chief research scientist at Novavax, Inc., and president of Novavax Biologics Division. Novavax is a bio-pharmaceutical company located in Columbia, Md. According to Wright, the material is made of water, soybean oil, Triton X 100 detergent and the solvent tri-n-butyl phosphate.

In presentations at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) on Sept. 26, U-M research associates Andrzej Myc and Jon D. Reuter presented results of preliminary studies evaluating BCTP's effect on influenza A. Both research studies were funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and directed by Baker.

Myc's study used Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells, used by researchers to evaluate the toxic effects of viruses. Myc incubated MDCK cells with influenza A virus and five different formulations of Novavax lipid structures. Using two different assay techniques, Myc then measured the number of cells infected with the virus. While all five formulations slowed the spread of the virus, BCTP was the most potent, reducing viral antigen levels by 99.6 percent.

In Reuter's study, different liquids were inserted into the nasal passages of four groups of laboratory mice. Control mice in Group 1 were given ordinary saltwater. Group 2 received BCTP alone. Group 3 received live influenza A virus and Group 4 was given a mixture of influenza A and BCTP. Groups 1, 2 and 4 stayed healthy, while all the mice in Group 3 developed severe pneumonia and two out of three mice died before the conclusion of the study.

"We learned several important things from these preliminary studies. The first is that BCTP is a highly effective killing agent for the influenza virus both at the cellular level and in living animals. Equally important is that BCTP had no toxic effects on nasal or lung membranes," Baker says. "We've shown that if we treat the virus with BCTP as it enters the nasal passages, we can prevent infection in mice. The next step is to see whether we can administer BCTP and the virus separately and still prevent infection. And the final step, of course, is to see whether it works as well in people as it does in mice."

While influenza vaccines are relatively effective at preventing the flu, Baker says there is a need for alternate preventive agents. "Influenza vaccines are expensive, they only are effective against a few viral strains each year and it takes time for immunity to develop. BCTP appears to inactivate the virus on contact."

The research is funded by DARPA's Unconventional Pathogen Countermeasures Program.

http://www.darpa.mil/DSO/rd/UPC/index.html (404, not found)

The U-M and Novavax have filed a patent application covering BCTP's use as a decontamination agent for various anti-microbial applications. Baker is a member of the Novavax scientific advisory board, but has no significant financial interest in the company."

(3) "New Tools for Battling Microbes" "Lobbing Nanobombs at Pathogens" Science http://wwwsciencemag.org 11 June 1999 Vol. 284: 1754

""What do you do to an F-16 that's been contaminated by Anthrax?" goes an old military joke. Answer: Crash land it on the enemy because the severe measures for cleaning up the killer bacterium - and popular bioweapon - would turn the plane into an oversized paperweight. Today, the only practical methods to destroy anthrax spores are to incinerate them or to blast them with bleach and formaldehyde. Neither approach leaves an airplane's electronics - or contaminated personnel in working condition.

A more gentle solution may be a unique emulsion of oil, water and two common laboratory detergents that form nanometer-sized droplets capable of fusing with and destroying not only tiny anthrax spores but also other gram-postive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and most viruses. "We've basically created nanometer-sized bombs that attach themselves to and blow up most pathogens known to man," says James R. Baker Jr., an immunologist and director of the Center for Biologic Nanotechnology at the University of Michigan. Influenza and Ebola - one of the most lethal known viruses are dead within minutes after being doused with the mixture.

Experts say the emulsions could become a valuable addition to a growing arsenal of antimicrobial substances, including classes of peptides such as defensins and magainins, that kill by rupturing cell membranes. Trial and error led Baker's team to two formulations that demonstrate potent antimicrobial action. An emulsion including the detergents and tributyl phosphate took out gram-postive bacteria and the vast majority of viruses sheathed in protein envelopes. (Naked RNA viruses are not susceptible because they have no membrane for the emulsion to disrupt.) A second preparation killed different spectrum of bugs: gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Combining the armaments yielded a potent killing machine. Exposing a variety of fungi, bacteria, and enveloped viruses to a 1000 fold dilution of the double-barreled emulsion for 15 minutes annihilated the life-forms, the researches concluded from the absence of colonies in suitable growth media.

To Baker's initial surprise, the emulsions proved effective against bacterial spores - a form of suspended animation in which the bacteria produce a hard protective coat - which tend to tend to resist all but the harshest chemicals. "It appears that the oil acts as a nutrient that tricks the spores to start producing a cell membrane, a process that the emulsions disrupt quite easily," said Baker. In one experiment, he and his colleagues infected skin wounds on mice with spores of Bacillus cereus, a cause of food poisoning and severe infections. One hour later, the wounds were rinsed with either a 10% solution of the emulsions or with salt water. The wounds in the treated mice healed, while those in the control animals festered.

Sperm and red blood cells are the only animal cells that Baker's team has found to be suseptible to the emulsions. Other cells are studded with carbohydrates that appear to somehow prevent the emulsion droplets from fusing to the cell membranes. This gentleness is a nice surprise considering that membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptides have shown unexpected toxicity in animal tissues says microbiologist Jill Adler Moore, Director of the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology at California State University in Ponoma. The bottom line is that the emulsion mixture is a drug candidate mainly for external uses, such as for treating skin ulcers.

This expectation will soon be put to the test. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Maryland is planning a clinical trial to see if the emulsions will work as a vaginal contraceptive cream that wards off sexually-transmitted diseases. And the US military intends to try to detoxify contaminted equipment by hosing it down with the emulsions, a procedure that could save expensive equipment from becoming expensive scrap - or paperweights."