OTHER LOSSES OF CONCRETE VOLUME
The above figure would in actuality have been greatly reduced because there would have been other losses of calcium oxide. As previously mentioned, the blast temperatures of the propagation wave through the concrete would have greatly exceeded the boiling point of calcium oxide. This would have immediately vaporized large quantities of calcium oxide directly into the atmosphere, not into dust which would have slowly returned to the ground surface.
The vapor density of calcium oxide is 1.9, i.e. calcium oxide is 1.9 times as dense as air. This means that if calcium oxide dust was widely dispersed as occurred during the WTC collapse, it would be almost twice as dense as air and would very slowly return to the ground. This vapor density figure is somewhat misleading because at higher temperatures the vapor density will drop, as would have been the case during the collapse. We could calculate a more accurate figure for a given temperature but there is no available data for the vapor pressure of calcium oxide. Regardless, both eyewitness testimony and video footage show that perhaps the majority of the dust was dispersed into the surrounding environment in thick clouds that lingered for hours.
The unknown quantity of explosives in the concrete would have obviously disappeared into the atmosphere upon detonation. While we can only guess, for reasons that shall be discussed shortly, this could have been 25% or more. It is obvious from lack of concrete debris shown in photos of the site after the tragedy that most of the "concrete" simply vanished. The mixing of explosives into the concrete is the theory that best explains the observed results thus far.
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE THEORY OF EXPLOSIVES IN CONCRETE
As stated above, the "Get Smart" clue concerned nitroglycerin in cement. If this is indeed what happened at the WTC, there were several problems that must be overcome. As the show's ending portrayed, how would one mix the cement without exploding the mixture? How would the final product resist accidental detonation while the building was in use? And how would the explosive chemically co-exist with the concrete?
In actuality, while liquid nitroglycerin is notoriously unstable, explosives can be designed for a wide range of conditions and uses. Nitroglycerin is usually the minor component, having given way to nitroglycol with its lower freezing point. But these are too expensive and outdated. There is a much more feasible possibility that would have solved all the above problems: emulsion explosives. In the early 1950s a coal operator began mixing ammonium nitrate and small amounts of carbon to load into his blast holes. The practice caught on and soon diesel fuel replaced the carbon black. This technique quickly captured 50% of the blast market (Atlas Powder Company, 1987).
In 1968 an explosives manufacturer, whose name I will not mention, introduced emulsion explosions to the commercial the market. [I am by no means implying that this manufacturer had anything to do with the WTC catastrophe, because their ideas and techniques could have been copied. But interestingly, this company has family ties to imprisoned CIA agent Michael Riconosiuto, a genius with numerous inventions, among them the fuel-air bomb.] At this time, other companies were selling water gel slurries as blasting agents, but this required chemical sensitizers. This company discovered that with entrapped air mixed in, the inexpensive ammonium nitrate could be mixed with a water/oil emulsion to produce an extremely efficient explosive. At first they used air bubbles, and then used glass microspheres containing microscopic air bubbles. The bubbles can be entrapped inside glass, plastic, resin or other materials. This material acts a bulking agent and the concentration can be varied to control the sensitivity of the blast material, i.e. more bulking agent will be harder to detonate. The microbubbles can withstand a pressure of 5 atmospheres and would easily remain intact inside concrete.
The addition of materials with microbubbles serves to add oxygen during the explosion. A silicate material such as glass would be similar to that added to Portland cement to increase strength. This would be the perfect addition to concrete as it would increase, not decrease the strength of the end product, while greatly increasing its explosive potential. Remember that the concrete did not bear much of a load and strength was not even an important factor.
Ammonium nitrate is colorless which would match perfectly in concrete. However, it will attack concrete chemically so this problem would have to be addressed. During the manufacturing of blasting grade ammonium nitrate, the small particles (prills) are coated with clay (a silicate) to keep them from sticking together. The outer clay layer would be compatible with the concrete and prevent an adverse chemical reaction. Too much clay reduces explosive potential. It may be that the density of the prills would have to be adjusted during manufacturing to withstand the pressures of mixing, however increasing density reduces efficiency. Blasting grade prills are less dense than agricultural grade, although both are explosive.
In emulsion explosives these particles are soaked in diesel fuel which makes them waterproof. They are 5.7% diesel fuel by volume and would only have to be waterproof until the concrete is dry. Emulsions are extremely efficient, with over 90% efficiency and almost twice that of some water gels. They have a high velocity of detonation (VOD, more on this later). Their power is due to the microscopic particle size. Any type of material will burn more efficiently as the particle size decreases-this is why the dust in grain elevators can sometimes explode, and this is the theory behind the extremely powerful fuel-air bomb. A 5% addition of finely ground aluminum powder can also be added to emulsions to greatly increase their explosive power, though VOD decreases.
Emulsion explosives are pumped into blasting holes from large trucks that look like regular construction-type vehicles such as dump trucks or concrete trucks. The slurry could easily have been pumped into the concrete mixture onsite at the WTC (in unmarked or disguised trucks) and no one would have noticed. Another possibility is that the dry components were mixed in with the dry cement offsite and then this was mixed with the water onsite in the preparation of the concrete.
Tests have shown that emulsions will not detonate even when shot with a .30-06 bullet. A specially-designed gun for testing detonation, using a 15 mm projectile weighing 19 g, showed that the velocity had to reach 2000-2500 fps (610-762 m/s) before detonation of the emulsions would occur (Larsson and Henricksson, 1980). This would equal a minimum kinetic energy of:
19 g x kg/1000 g x (610 m/s)2/2 = 3535.0 kg-m2/s2 [joules]
If the emulsion was mixed into the concrete, this stability would have been more than enough to withstand any pressures that might have normally been exerted against the concrete floor in the WTC.
I don't know the length of the rifle barrel used in the experiment, but assuming one meter length for our purposes (probably a little long), we can calculate the minimum pressure required to detonate the charge and compare that to the pressure of the falling floors. The acceleration of the bullet equals:
[(610 m/s)2 - 02]/2 x 1 m = 186,050 m/s2 (0 = original velocity of bullet)
Radius of bullet = 15 mm/2 = 7.5 mm
Area of bullet cross section = pi(7.5 mm)2 = 176.71 mm2
176.71 mm2 x m2/(106 mm)2 = 1.7671 x 10-4 m2
Force of bullet = 19 g x kg/1000 g x 186,050 m/s2 = 3534.95 newtons
Pressure of the bullet striking the explosive = 3534.95 n/1.7671 x 10-4 m2 =
20,004,244 Pascals
Now we can get some idea of how much pressure would be exerted from the falling floors, to see if that would be adequate to detonate the explosives. According to Eagar and Musso (2001), the ten floors that came crashing down in the north tower weighed 45,000 tons. The tower hit bottom with an estimated speed of 200 km/hr. Even though the ten floors wouldn't have been moving at this velocity initially, we'll use these figures, anyway.
45,000 t x 1000 kg/t = 45,000,000 kg
45,000,000 kg x 9.8 m/s2 [gravity] = 441,000,000 n
Each floor had about one acre (4020 m2) of rentable space:
441,000,000 n/4020 m2 = 109,701.5 Pa
This means that the pressure exerted by the crashing down of the floors was only 1/2 of one percent of the minimum detonation pressure and could not possibly have detonated the explosives in the concrete floors. This means that heat from the fire must have been responsible for the initial detonation. This would explain why the terrorists needed massive quantities of fuel, to generate enough heat for detonation.
What If the WTC Had a Normal Fire?
Another potential problem of having explosives mixed in concrete would be if the WTC sustained a normal fire. If the explosives were too sensitive they would explode from the heat. It would then be hard to explain to the public how an office building blew up in a fire. This is not really a problem, however.
We need to first distinguish between the terms temperature and heat. Heat refers to the quantity of energy produced in a system, i.e. it is related to a volume, whereas temperature simply provides a standard numerical measure of molecular agitation at one point in space. Temperature is totally independent of quantity.
An office building such as the WTC only has mildly flammable materials such as paper, furniture, computers, etc. which cannot generate as much heat as, for example, a warehouse storing flammable chemicals. A normal fire in an office building or residence does not produce high temperatures or heat. Furthermore, the WTC had an extensive sprinkler system which, even if it did not extinguish a fire, would have lowered its heat production.
Concrete acts as a heat sink, which means that it does not hold heat well. This can be observed during cold weather in a heated house with a concrete floor-it will feel colder than the air temperature. This characteristic ensures that during a normal fire in a building, the concrete will conduct the heat to the surrounding, cooler areas. Therefore it takes a large quantity of fuel, such as occurred in the WTC tragedy, to rapidly generate the significant amounts of heat necessary to drastically raise the temperature of concrete.
Some explosives can tolerate a surprisingly high amount of heat before exploding. A burning test is conducted on all commercial explosive products to ensure quality control and provide safety data (Atlas Powder Company, 1987). The test consists of placing samples of the various types of explosives in a wood or diesel fire, in confined and unconfined states. The explosives, depending on the type, can tolerate the fire from 30 minutes to 6 hours.
According to Eagar and Musso (2001): "In combustion science, there are three basic types of flames, namely, a jet burner, a pre-mixed flame, and a diffuse flame...In a diffuse flame, the fuel and oxidant...flow together in an uncontrolled manner...A fireplace flame is a diffuse flame burning in air, as was the WTC fire."
Therefore, by the above definition, a fire in the WTC and the burning test of explosives are classified as the same combustion condition, i.e. that of a diffuse flame. Since some explosives can withstand this type of combustion for up to six hours, it should have been no trouble to design a concrete explosive which would not detonate under the conditions of a normal fire, should one occur in the WTC. This also explains the time lag between the initial plane impacts and the final collapses, since some explosives take so long to detonate under heat.
INTERIOR CORE PROBABLY HAD EXPLOSIVES ALSO
"Inside [each tower] there was a 27 m x 40 m core, which was designed to support the weight of the tower" (Eagar and Musso, 2001). This interior core was the optimum location for placement of explosives to simply cause the buildings to collapse. In actual fact, the design specified placing concrete around all the steel in the building simply to delay the heating of the steel in a fire, which was projected to give firefighters another 1-2 hours in which to fight a fire (BBC News, 9/13/01). This is because, as previously discussed, concrete acts a heat sink and heat would flow through the concrete away from the fire. This would actually have delayed the steel-melting scenario proposed by the government.
The high-speed elevator shafts had a flexible drywall system installed to prevent buckling of the mortar from the high air pressure inside the shafts. This would have been the perfect medium in which to place explosives. However, according to one account, it was not initially placed in the building but was installed when the original mortar cracked from the elevator air pressure. Explosives in the center core were likely in the concrete just as in the floors. Explosives in the central core of the building would be highly confined compared to that in the floors, with the surrounding open office space. This would lead to optimum detonation and power (see below).
VELOCITY OF DETONATION (VOD)
As previously mentioned, the emulsion explosives have a high VOD (also known as having a high brisance). This is preferable when the desired object is hard, like rock or concrete, because it causes the material to fracture, but the material is not thrown far. A slower VOD is more useful in throwing large quantities of soil, such as blowing an area out for mining, pond construction, etc. The material is thrown further with less damage. This high brisance would have been desirable for the WTC because it would have shattered the concrete but allowed the building to fall basically in its own footprint.
BLASTING THEORY, SHOCK AND STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION
There are a variety of theories of how a blast is accomplished, but the following are some generally accepted principles. The detonation wave starts at the point of initiation and travels at supersonic speeds, ranging from 8,000 to 26,000 ft/sec. This depends on explosive density, confinement, etc. This is analogous to, say, shooting a rifle cartridge where the powder is confined, as opposed to pouring the powder out of the cartridge and lighting it, where it will harmlessly burn. The mixing of explosives in concrete would be very confining and could be ideal, given the optimum density of explosives.
Pressures in the detonation wave can range from 9 to 275 kbar. Once the wave is initiated the explosives in a blast hole will be detonated as the wave is propagated through the material. One bar = 100,000 Pa, so this means a pressure is created ranging from 9 x 108 to 2.75 x 1010 Pa. Recall from our above calculations that the minimum pressure required to detonate emulsions was about 2 x 107 Pa. This means that at a minimum, the blast wave is 45 times stronger than the detonation pressure required. The skeletal steel structure of the entire building was connected through its covering of concrete, thus one can see that once the detonation of the explosives was initiated in the concrete, the pressure wave would have detonated the entire structure.
Also, as previously discussed, temperatures in the detonation wave range from approximately 3000 to 7000o F. which would have helped propagate the detonation as well.
Let's imagine the following: the plane strikes the tower, the fuel ignites, burns for a time and reaches a detonation temperature for the explosives in the concrete. The wave would have been propagated like this rough representation of the offcenter south tower hit (the hollow center is the central core with the lateral floors extending outward-the limitations of the Internet prevent a better depiction):
core
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- -----
| / / | outer columns
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- -----
| / / |
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- ----- floors
| / /
-----<----<----|<<<| initiation arrows show horizontal
| / of << direction of
-----<----<----|<<<| detonation blast wave
| \
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- -----
| \ \ | / represents ascending
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- ----- blast wave
| \ \ |
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- ----- \ represents descending
| \ \ | blast wave
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- -----
| \ \ |
-----<----<----|<<<|---- ---- -----
Note here that the detonation wave would have last reached the bottom level on the side of the building opposite the planes' point of impact.
If the VOD was 15,000 fps, and the detonation was initiated at the top of the building, to reach the bottom it would take:
1353 ft x 1 sec/15,000 ft = 0.090 sec
If cameras were filming at 24 frames/sec, and could see the structure through the walls, the propagation wave would only be caught on 2 frames. But because the inside of the building could not be seen, this minimized the visible signature of an explosion. The hot gases will always seek the path of least resistance. The spaces between the floors would have provided a space to vent some of the hot gases formed by the explosives, which means that there would be less hot gas to visibly escape from the windows. On some of the videos of the collapse of the towers, I saw a few appearances of bright flame which may have been from the explosion. It would be interesting to know what type of glass fragments, if any, were found in the debris. If real glass was used in the windows, which melts at ~1371oC (2500oF), it may have been vaporized by the heat, or turned to dust just like the concrete.
A COVER STORY FOR MIXING EXPLOSIVES
It would not have been particularly hard to secretly mix explosives in with the concrete during WTC construction, but supposing that there might have been a few engineers that found out, a cover story would have to be invented. Since nothing lasts forever, and the valuable real estate of WTC site was cramped and surrounded by other buildings, it would have been difficult to one day conduct a controlled demolition on the site without damaging the other buildings. As mentioned above, a tower is the most difficult type of building to bring down because it tends to fall like a tree (Bollyn, 2001). Therefore, any engineers who were "in the loop" could have been told that the explosives were necessary to make it easier to bring the building down later. But placing explosives in the concrete floors would serve the main purpose of "vaporizing" them to create a damaging psychological effect upon the American population.
WHY THE SECOND TOWER HIT WAS THE FIRST TO FALL
I believe that the second tower, which sustained an offcenter hit after the first, actually experienced more heat because more surface area of the building was opened up. One can see the right wing tip barely extending out of the right side of the building. Since the wingspan of the 767 plane is 156', and assuming for the purposes of comparison that the plane passed through the building intact, this means that 156' + 156' + 208' = 520 linear feet of the outside of the building was opened up. Because the wingspan was greater than one-half the building side length, the gash had to extend from the crucial inner core to the building perimeter.
The direct hit on the first building, however, does not appear to have gone through the entire building. No smoke is seen exiting the opposite side of the building. Furthermore, the plane could not have gone all the way through without severing the inner weight-bearing core, thus toppling over the floors above the impact. Therefore, this means that only about 156 linear feet of the building's perimeter, or 30% less than the second building, would have been exposed. Therefore, the fuel deposited inside the second building had much more oxygen to burn.
This would have meant much higher temperatures, which could then detonate the building that much quicker. This can be seen by the black smoke rising from the first building, indicating a lack of oxygen. In fact, the first building burned for 104 minutes, while the second building burned for 47 minutes. The second, more oxygenated tower burned only half the time of the first, more poorly oxygenated tower. Once the detonation temperature was achieved, it was all over. This is why the terrorists knew they had to hijack a plane with a full fuel tank.
OTHER EVIDENCE
One eyewitness saw about six brief light flashes emitted from inside the South tower between floors 10 and 15, along with "a crackling sound" before the tower collapsed. A firefighter, Louie Cacchioli, reported hearing a bomb go off on his last trip up, going to the 24th floor. He said "We think there were bombs set in the building." An employee, Kim White, heard an explosion on the 74th floor as she was evacuating.
One thing that has always troubled me about the first attack on the WTC in 1993, is that how did the terrorists really think they could collapse the building by parking a van full of ammonium nitrate near the central core. As previously discussed, explosives have to be contained to be effective. If you detonate a stick of dynamite laying next to a large tree, it will not knock it down. A pertinent example of this occurred in 1971 when terrorists blew up a van full of ANFO parked in front of a Univ. of Wisconsin building, which did little damage. Most of the power of such an attempt would be exhausted out into the parking garage. Is it possible that, instead, the terrorists knew that the building had explosives in the concrete, and they were just simply trying to create an explosion big enough to detonate them?
Another witness Brian Clark, was in the South Tower when it was hit. He watched the ball of flame burning outside the building but successfully evacuated. He states:
"Now Ronnie, who I told you had gone up to the 91st floor and later told me he panicked and went down, when he exited the building it was at the very time when Tower Two [South Tower] was starting to fall. So the moment I was watching the building from Trinity Church was exactly the moment he was coming out of the same place I did, and he was caught in an explosion. He heard the explosion, swirled around, and a fireball was rushing at him from right at the doors where he was about to leave the building.
"He put his hands up in front of his face and got blown many, many yards across Liberty Street, which I'd run across earlier. He was severely burned in the arm, he had head wounds, cracked vertebrae. He doesn't remember really what happened right after that...He didn't remember much those first several days..."
Note here that he was thrown out of the building by an explosion just before the building began to collapse. This fits perfectly with my blasting theory outlined in the diagram above. The fireball could have been the hot gases from the explosion, which take the path of least resistance, in this case the buildings' exits (and windows). Having no windows, the gases in the center core could best escape through the ground exits. The fireball could not have been from the jet fuel because: a) it would have been largely burned up; b) it would have been eighty stories above him.
On one of the live news broadcasts at the time of the disaster, the commentator says that an explosion was heard just before one of the buildings collapsed, as the collapse is shown on TV. This video is available on the Internet.
Pictures which were clandestinely taken on October 3, 2001 and available on the Internet, show one of the buildings adjacent to the WTC towers with steel beams thrown into them like arrows shot into a target. This appears to have been caused by explosive force, not a simple building collapse as we are told.
I also found another interesting fact: the Japanese company Mitsubishi has done much research into recycling products to be incorporated into concrete. They also market special cement paving blocks which contain a catalyst, titanium dioxide, which absorb nitrogen oxides and convert them into harmless nitrogen and oxygen. It would likely be a very simple matter for such companies to conduct the necessary R&D to successfully mix explosives in concrete.
INTERESTING BACKGROUNDS ON SOME OF THE PLAYERS INVOLVED
The WTC was designed by a New World Order Japanese architect, Minora Yamasaki. During his life he married four times, the first and last times to the same woman. He traveled throughout Japan, India, Europe and the Middle East. He was associated with over 85 projects in the U.S., Japan and Saudi Arabia, the latter including Dhahran Air Terminal in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Headquarters in Riyadh. Osama bin Laden is a Saudi, as is also Prince Abdullah, a major financial supporter of Muslim terrorists.
Coincidentally, Yamasaki also designed the American Concrete Institute building in Detroit. He was selected to design the WTC over a dozen other architects, and worked closely with the construction engineers on the project.
Listen to his outlook on life:
"I feel this way about it. World trade means world peace and consequently the World Trade Center buildings in New York...had a bigger purpose than just to provide room for tenants. The World Trade Center is a living symbol of man's dedication to world peace...beyond the compelling need to make this a monument to world peace, the World Trade Center should, because of its importance, become a representation of man's belief in humanity, his need for individual dignity, his beliefs in the cooperation of men, and through cooperation, his ability to find greatness."
I think he forgot to add, "And if we have to blow the WTC up to bring people closer together for a one-world government, so be it." His opinion sounds to me like what the architects of the Tower of Babel probably said.
The cleanup of the WTC site was conducted by Controlled Demolition, Inc. of Baltimore, headed by Mark Loizeaux (Bollyn, 2001). Coincidentally they handled the Oklahoma City Murrah building as well. This action prevented investigators from determining what really brought that building down. In February 2000, a federal grand jury indicted Mr. Loizeaux, Douglas Loizeaux, and CDI for allegedly falsely reporting campaign contributions. They were acquitted in September 2000.
As discussed above in detail, Dr. Thomas Eagar of MIT was apparently called upon to disperse disinformation regarding the WTC collapse. MIT is one of the best research groups for the Committee of 300 (Coleman, 1996). They received the Club of Rome's first "global planning contract." They regurgitated the typical Malthusian doctrine of not enough resources to go around, too many people, etc.
One of MIT's professors was Walt Ristow, who became an advisor to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. This was in pursuit of the 300's plan to have socialist professors make U.S. policy. In 1960 Ristow visited Russia for arms talks, and in 1964, as National Security Advisor, he pressed Johnson to commit troops to Vietnam.
MIT is actually a branch of the Tavistock Institute in conducting brainwashing activities in the U.S. Joining them in this role are other organizations such as the Brookings Institution, the Hudson Institute, the Stanford Research Institute, the Rand Corporation, etc. The fact that an MIT professor came out endorsing the official government explanation of the WTC collapse is reason enough to doubt its validity.
SUMMARY
Evidence was provided in this paper to support the following:
1. The official explanation for the WTC collapse is riddled with inconsistencies. The crux of the theory, that angle clips were weakened and caused a uniform, floor-by-floor collapse, was physically impossible.
2. One of the official experts and a traditional government propaganda outlet, both proponents of this theory, were caught in an outright lie.
3. The volume and size of debris was much less than it should have been.
4. The volume of dust was much more than it should have been.
5. The conversion of concrete to calcium oxide explains "WTC cough."
6. Eyewitness and expert testimony said explosives were used in the collapse.
7. The mixing of explosives in the concrete during the construction is the only theory that explains all the observed data.
8. It is both possible and feasible to add explosives to concrete.
9. The attack as conducted was necessary to detonate the explosives.
I want to emphasize that the emulsion explosives technique I discussed is just an example of one possible method, and may not have been the exact one used. The simple principle to remember is that fuel and oxygen, when exposed to sufficient pressure (such as a blast wave) and/or heat, will explode. This is the operating principle of the diesel engine. All that was necessary was to experiment with the proper ingredients and proportions.
The WTC project was pushed by the Rockefellers beginning in 1960 though it was unnecessary and sat only half-occupied for years. Nonetheless, designer Yamasaki answered critics by accurately predicting that the towers would one day be revered as symbolic of Manahattan-did he know of an inside plan? The towers were sometimes called David and Nelson after the Rockefeller brothers. A friend of mine knew a conservative, patriotic U.S. Congressman who, along with some of his like-minded colleagues, would not go along with the New World Order agenda. He said that the Rockefellers told them that they better follow the game plan because otherwise they (the Rockefellers et al.) would cause a depression.
What better way to do so than to construct a booby-trapped building complex, encourage multi-national financial companies to move there, thus housing the financial capital of the nation, and one of the biggest in the world? Then when the timing is right, destroy the complex and thus America's financial markets and economy. Of course, there must be an excuse for the catastrophe, such as terrorists, crashing planes and jet fuel. While these were necessary to detonate the buildings, the intended effect was to cause people to clamor for a protective one-world government, but if the public knew the truth the plan would be exposed. The logical conclusion of this is that the terrorist pilots were merely more "pawns in the game."
Many people reading this may become depressed over the expressed conclusions. For the non-Christian this is understandable. But the Bible teaches that God wants no man to be lost, and I believe He is waking America up to the tremendous evil that is trying to destroy us. Even President Bush has alluded to this terrible evil force that is against America. We are in the midst of a great global battle which pits the God of Israel and His Son Jesus against Satan and his rebellious followers. But the Christian has assurance in the knowledge that Jesus will return to save His flock and punish the wicked, who will not get away with their evil deeds.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Atlas Powder Company. Explosives and Rock Blasting. 1987. Atlas Powder Co., Dallas.
Barnett, J.R., Biederman, R.R. and R.D. Sisson, Jr. An Initial Microstructural Analysis of A36 Steel from WTC Building 7. 2001. Journal of Materials 53(12): 18.
BBC News. How the World Trade Center Fell. 9/13/2001. (Can be seen at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1540000/1540044.stm)
Bollyn, C. Eyewitness Reports Persist of Bombs at WTC Collapse. 12/2/01. American Free Press. (Can be seen at http://www.rense.com/general17/eyewitnessreportspersist.htm)
Buyukozturk, O. and F. Ulm. How Safe Are Our Skyscrapers?: The World Trade Center Collapse. September 21, 2001. MIT News. (Can be seen at http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2001/skyscrapers.html)
Coleman, John. The Committee of 300. 1996. World in Review. Carson City, Nevada.
Eagar, T.W. and C. Musso. Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation. 2001. Journal of Materials 53(12): 8-11.
Larsson, B.I. and G. Henriksson. Comparison Between Different Water-based Explosives. 1980. Technical Report of the Nitro Nobel Group. Gyttorp, Sweden.
Lipton, E. BUILDING STANDARDS: Mismanagement Muddled Collapse Inquiry, House Panel Says. 3/7/02. N.Y. Times.
NOVA. The Collapse: An Engineer's Perspective. No date. (Can be seen at http://www.pbs.org/cgi-bin/wgbh/printable.pl)
Shin, P. H. B. WTC Probe Ills Bared. 3/7/02. N.Y. Daily News.
Szeinuk, J., Herbert, R., Clark, N., Milek, D., Levin, S., Prezant, D. and R. Gillio. Update: January, 2002: Irritative and Respiratory Problems in Relation to Environmental Exposures from the World Trade Center Disaster: A Guide for Clinicians. 2002. Department of Community Medicine of Mount Sinai School of Medicine. (Can be seen at http://www.mssm.edu/cpm/wtc_health/repiratory.shtml)
Uyttebrouck, O. Explosives Planted in Towers, N.M. Tech Expert Says. 9/11/01. Albuquerque Journal.
Zucker, M. Ground Zero: Assessing the Respiratory Impact. 2001. PulmonaryReviews.com 7(1)
POSTSCRIPT
The preceding report was written in July 2002. I waited until episode 52 was shown again on 10/28/02 to release this report, after notifying people across the country to witness the episode. It will now likely disappear down the rabbit hole. Since July the following substantial confirming evidence has emerged.
Justice Department Censors Newly-Discovered Tape of Firefighters
The New York Times reported that a 78-minute audiotape was found that documented communications between firefighters that had reached the 78th floor of the South Tower. They found survivors and were developing a coherent plan to put out the two manageable pockets of fire that they found. This totally disproves the standard explanation for the collapse, that of an intense fire from the jet fuel, because the firefighters could not have even survived being in that location, much less discussed putting out fires. The N.Y. Port Authority appears to have hidden the tape until they recently "discovered" it. Now no one can hear the tape without signing a non-disclosure agreement. The N.Y. Fire Department said that the Justice Department ordered this on the flimsy excuse that the tape might provide evidence in the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui. What is on the tape that we shouldn't hear? Explosions, perhaps?
More Eyewitnesses Testify to Explosions
The BBC interviewed one of their reporters, Steve Evans, on the day of the catastrophe. His statements on the scene agree with the theory proposed in this paper. Evans said:
"I was at the base of the 2nd tower, the second tower that was hit. There was an explosion-I didn't think it was an explosion-but the base of the building shook. I felt it shake-then when we were outside, the second explosion happened and then there was a series of explosions. We can only wonder at the kind of damage-the kind of human damage-which was caused by those explosions-those series of explosions."
Foreigners (British Knights) Got WTC Clean-up Contracts-Asia Recycling WTC Steel
The following comes from an article by Christopher Bollyn of American Free Press. The evidence in the WTC was destroyed by four companies that received contracts from N.Y. Mayor Rudolph Guiliani to clean up the debris: Asset Management and Engineering Consultancy (AMEC), Bovis Lend Lease, Turner Construction, and Tully Construction. The first two are headquartered in London. The third is a subsidiary of Germany's Hochtief. The fourth is the only American company. Kenneth Holden of the N.Y. City Dept. of Design and Construction assisted in awarding the contracts. Holden was in charge at the site.
Sir Peter Mason is a British Knight and CEO of AMEC. Sir Frank Lampl is a British Knight in charge of Bovis. AMEC also received the contract to clean up the Pentagon debris. Incredibly, AMEC had already received a contract from the Pentagon to renovate the area of the Pentagon that was attacked. A Pentagon spokesman said that the awarding of a contract to a foreign company such as AMEC was "not a problem."
In appreciation for a job well-done, Guiliani was knighted by the Queen of England on February 13, 2002.
The editor-in-chief of Fire Engineering magazine, William A. Manning, demanded a detailed investigation and preservation of the WTC steel. He said "The destruction and removal of evidence must stop immediately." He went on:
"For more than three months, structural steel from the World Trade Center has been and continues to be cut up and sold for scrap. Crucial evidence that could answer many questions about high-rise building design practices and performance under fire conditions is on the slow boat to China, perhaps never to be seen again in America until you buy your next car.
"I have combed through our national standard for fire investigation, NFPA 921, but nowhere does one find an exemption allowing the destruction of evidence for buildings over 10 stories tall. Clearly, there are burning questions that need answers. Based on the incident's magnitude alone, a full-throttle, fully resourced, forensic investigation is imperative."
The steel was recycled by Alan D. Ratner of Metal Management (Newark, N.J.) and Hugo Neu Shnitzer East (N.Y.), who sold the steel to China, Korea and India. Ratner has close ties to the foreign WTC cleanup companies.
"Everything Was Pulverized"
The only one of the four contractors that would talk with Bollyn was the American company, Tully Construction, headed by Peter Tully. Tully said of the catastrophic scene:
"Think of the thosands of file cabinets, computers, and telephones in those towers-I never saw one-everything was pulverized. Everything that was above grade-above the 6th and 7th floor disintegrated...it was like an explosion."
Tully, who specializes in concrete, was asked if he had ever seen concrete pulverized as in the WTC collapse. He responded, "No-never." He said there were hot spots where he saw "literally molten steel."
WTC Towers Were Blasted from Their Foundations in Bedrock-Seismic Record Proves Explosions
According to Christopher Bollyn, in another article, the WTC towers were literally exploded loose from their foundations in the bedrock. Bollyn says that a helicopter filming the collapse actually shows the buildings jumping upward immediately before collapse. The heat in the basement left pools of hot molten steel.
Local seismic records showed that 2.1 (South tower) and 2.3 (North tower) magnitude earthquakes were recorded associated with the collapse. Bollyn tries to relate the precise time of the recordings with the time of collapse, but I don't think that is possible. If the earthquake was felt before the collapse that would prove the explosives theory. I can find no way to corroborate the precise time of the seismic records with a precise time of collapse, which is unavailable. And if one was, it would not be necessarily trustworthy.
However, one of the geophysicists made a noteworth statement:
"During the collapse, most of the energy of the falling debris was absorbed by the towers and the neighboring structures, converting them into rubble and dust or causing other damage-but not causing significant ground shaking."
If that is the case, then exactly what did cause the ground to shake, as recorded on the seismographs?
Controlled Demolition of Largest Steel Building in 1977 (28 Stories) Was Complicated
The company Controlled Demolition, Inc. set the record in 1977 for the largest steel building ever to be demolished with explosives. The 245' Biltmore Hotel in Oklahoma City was one-fifth the height of the WTC, and was the second-highest ever dropped. The demolition required 800 lbs. of explosives placed in 991 separate charges. They were detonated over a 5-second interval.
The steel was so thick that a single charge could not penetrate it, requiring charges on both sides. Mark Loizeaux of CDI said, "We had to attack a single 3-in.-thick stem plate from both sides." He added that it was imperative that the charges on each side detonate simultaneously. If not, the first will dislodge the second before it can cut through the steel.
The Biltmore Hotel had 2.5 to 3.0 tons of steel per floor, and was 28 stories high. The WTC had 100,000 tons per tower, an average of 909 tons per floor. Loizeaux said the type of steel in the Biltmore was malleable and is hard to break in two.
The WTC had steel girders so big that no factory in America could produce it. They had to be made in Japan and transported here. In light of the complexity of demolishing the Biltmore Hotel, it seems highly unlikely that smiliar controlled demolition techniques could have been used on the WTC.
Serving Freedom
and Liberty
